THE DEIXIS IN CONVERSATION TEXT IN THE SPLASH TEXTBOOK FOR ELEVENTH GRADE OF VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Language is not merely a system of grammar; it is also a tool for communication whose meaning is highly dependent on context. In the field of pragmatics, one of the key elements that connects language to its context is deixis - linguistic expressions whose interpretation relies on who is speaking, where, and when. Understanding deixis is therefore crucial for learners who wish to develop communicative competence, particularly in a foreign language such as English. This research aims to investigate the types and functions of deixis found in conversation texts in SPLASH: Smart Path to Learning English, an English textbook for the eleventh grade of Vocational High School published by Erlangga.
The study is motivated by the importance of deixis as a pragmatic feature that helps learners understand contextual meaning in English communication. This research applies a ualitative descriptive approach. The data were collected from six conversation texts found on pages 9, 41–42, 70, 98–99, 132, and 166 of the textbook using a documentation technique, in which the researcher read the texts carefully, identified all deictic expressions, and then classified them according to their types and functions. The data were analyzed using (Yule's, 2020) theory of deixis types and Levinson's theory of deixis functions, which distinguish between semantic and pragmatic functions. Each identified deictic expression was first categorized by type, then examined for its semantic function based on its grammatical role and its pragmatic function based on its contextual reference within the conversation.
The findings reveal that all three types of deixis are present in the conversation texts: person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis. Among the three, person deixis is the most dominant type, appearing in all six texts through first, second, and third person pronouns such as I, you, we, they, and it. Spatial deixis appears through demonstrative pronouns and definite noun phrases, while temporal deixis is realized through adverbs and adverbial phrases such as yesterday, now, and every day. Regarding functions, each deictic expression carries both a semantic function - based on its grammatical role - and a pragmatic function - based on its contextual reference. These findings confirm that understanding deixis requires both grammatical knowledge and contextual awareness, both of which are essential for developing pragmatic competence in English language learning at the vocational high school level.